How To Interpret Your Soil Test Report

Soils are the source of thirteen of the sixteen essential plant nutrients and can be viewed as suppliers of nutrients to plants. Plants absorb available nutrients, which can be replenished by adding fertilizers.

To achieve good yield and quality, nutrient balance has to be maintained. Nutrient imbalance may result in deficiencies, toxicities or interference of one nutrient with the absorption of others.

This may result in stress to the crop, causing a decrease in quality and/or yields. Soil analysis is an important tool for evaluating or avoiding problems of nutrients balance.

Why is soil analysis important?

You can roughly estimate just how much fertilizers you need to apply according to general growing recommendations for your crop. But is it too much, or maybe too little? This is where soil analysis comes in.

Soil analysis eliminates at least one unknown from the "equation": when adding nutrients to the soil, knowing the starting point is a very valuable piece of information.

Here are the basics of how to make sense of soil analysis reports.

1. Take the soil sample correctly

Taking the sample correctly is the number one step for any reliable soil analysis result. The soil sampling should be well planned and preformed. For example, the sample site should be far from roads, fences, tree groups, piles of fertilizers and manure or any other object that can locally affect the soil properties and content.

The sample should represent the entire field as closely as possible. If the field is not uniform, and consists of different areas with different properties, each area should be sampled. Compiling results from completely different areas and averaging them into one report, will obviously give us a very misleading result.

2. Consider all growing conditions

Keep in mind that there are many factors that affect the plant growth. The soil analysis will not supply answers to poor or inadequate conditions, such as critically low or high temperatures, inadequate drainage, wrong application of fertilizers, accumulation of salts, plant diseases, pests damage, competition with weeds etc.

Assuming you took samples correctly and you acknowledge the many factors that may affect you crop, how do you proceed to interpret the numbers in the soil analysis lab reports?

3. What do the numbers in the report stand for?

Soils usually contain much higher amounts of nutrients than what we see in the reports, because lab results describe only the available nutrients to plant. To estimate the amounts of nutrients which are actually available to plants, different testing methods were developed. Some of these methods give empirical values or measures.

4. Don't look only at the numbers in the report

It's true, lab reports can be confusing: different labs use different testing methods, resulting in different results for the same sample! They may even use the same methods, but express the results in different units.

To correlate the numbers in the soil analysis report with crop response to added nutrients, numerous field experiments are required. The reason is that the same numbers may lead to different recommendations in different soils, different areas and under different conditions. The numbers in the report, coupled by the description of the nutrient content in the soil, can indicate if the predicted crop response to fertilizers will be favorable or not.

5. Choose the right lab

Good labs, with good experience, use their regional database to give a description of each nutrient (indicating if its level is too high, too low or adequate) and even fertilization recommendations.

Don't take these recommendation as "instructions". Remember that no one knows your crop better than you do. You are the best judge of your crop needs and specific conditions.

6. Use your experience

The soil analysis report, together with your close familiarity with your crop and field conditions, give you the starting-point to tackle the next question: how much fertilizers to apply?

First thing to remember is that different crops remove from the soil different amounts of nutrients. So knowing your crop needs is essential. Next is your crop target yield. Generally speaking, higher fertilization level gives higher yields, but only up to a certain point. Beyond that, adding fertilizers will not increase yields and may even reduce them as a result of salts accumulation in the root zone.

Bottom line is that soil analysis lab reports give us a good starting point for making better fertilization-management decisions. They should be put in context and their interpretation should be adjusted to the individual crop behavior and specific field conditions.

Guy Sela is an agronomist and a water specialist. In 2005 Guy developed a unique software for fertilizer management that helps growers reach optimal yields, while saving time, money and frustration.Did you find this article useful? Find more articles, tips and information at: http://www.smart-fertilizer.com/index2.php?id=3

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Water Analysis in the Petroleum Industry - A Useful Instrument

The Discrete Analyzer

Discrete analyzers are well known in clinical testing laboratories. Recently these little work horses have found their way into environmental laboratories, but their full potential in the analysis of water samples has yet to be realized. Environmental labs have found use for them in analyzing nutrients in wastewater and in relieving sample loads or reagent cost.

The Petroleum Industry

Production water needs to be monitored for major cations and anions that are used as indicators of corrosion or scaling tendency. Normally these water samples are collected and sent off to chemical supply company laboratories that use a variety of instruments and then calculate scaling or corrosion tendency indexes. A discrete analyzer makes it possible to analyze all important ions used in the scaling and corrosion index.

It is also useful to monitor production water for existing scale and corrosion inhibitors. These colorimetric tests are easily adapted to discrete analyzers making it possible to analyze these parameters at the same time and on the same instrument used for scale and corrosion index testing.

Discrete analyzers can also check for trace metals. Iron, manganese, chromium, nickel, etc. can all be determined, again in the same sample, on the same instrument, and essentially at the same time.

How the Discrete Analyzer Works

Discrete analyzers are essentially automated manual spectrophotometers. The instrument pipets sample into reaction segments, adds reagent, and then measures concentration versus pre-stored calibration curves. A huge advantage to discrete analyzers is they use very little reagent and/or sample and almost the entire process is computer controlled.

William Lipps

http://www.oico.com

(979) 690-1375 ext. 230

wlipps@oico.com

One Extraction, One Dilution, One Injection, Automation solutions.
Segmented Flow, Flow Injection, Discrete Analyzers, TOC Analyzers, Sample Introduction, Gas Chromatography, Gel Permeation, Purge & Trap

Expert Methods Consulting

http://www.williamlipps.com

Classical Wet Chemistry, HPLC, IC, GC, GC/MS, SFA, FIA, Discrete, TOC, TOX, UV-VIS, IR, Osmometry, Petroleum, Proximate Analysis, Extractions, Digestions

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Arthur C. Clarke - Brilliant Visions But Bad Scientific Blunders

Arthur C. Clarke, who died on March 19 at age 90, was one of the most popular science fiction writers of the 20th century. He is best known for his novel 2001: A Space Odyssey(1968). Its film version was directed by Stanley Kubrick.

Clarke served as a radar specialist during World War II and realised that geostationary satellites could be used in telecommunication. They are satellites that orbit almost directly above the equator and appear to be stationary to an observer on the ground. Clarke popularised the concept in a paper called "Extra-Terrestrial Relays - Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?"published in the magazine Wireless World in 1945.

Clarke had a great trust in the progress of human civilisation. However, at times his optimism bordered on scientism although some of his views were at odds with mainstream science. For instance, he toyed with the idea that an ancient alien civilisation might have produced the human race.

Writing in Skeptical Inquirer in 2001, Clarke outlined his religious beliefs. He called God a hypothetical entity and said, "early in the next millennium the rise of 'statistical theology' would prove that there is no supernatural intervention in human affairs. Nor does the 'problem of evil' exist; it is an inevitable consequence of the bell-shaped curve of normal distribution."

Such views have nothing to do with science. Modern science was born and developed in the western world, thanks to a belief in a rational Creator God who designed natural laws. The great pioneers of modern science, such as Johann Kepler, Blaise Pascal and Sir Isaac Newton, were devout Christians.

Christians have not eschewed rocket science, either. Wernher von Braun, the "father" of the Apollo moon program, was a Christian who actually believed it was wrong to exclude the teaching of creation in science classes. The astronauts Jim Lovell, Frank Borman and William Anders who orbited the moon in December1968 chose the opening verses of Genesis as their Christmas message to earth.

Clarke, however, had little respect for Christianity. He was a firm believer in extraterrestrial life. He supported the SETI@home community that tries to get proof of alien intelligence by monitoring messages they might send us.

It is strange that the SETI people spend billions of taxpayer dollars on listening to messages that might never come. At the same time, they ignore the message coded in our DNA that speaks volumes of intelligent design. But, as Ben Stein shows in his soon to be aired film Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed most mainstream scientists do not tolerate any dissenting voices.

Science should be a quest for the truth but unfortunately staunch Darwinists have used their preconceived ideology of naturalism or the stance that nature is all that there is to exclude all views that deviate from theirs. Regrettably, Arthur C. Clarke, the great science fiction writer, chose the side of those who do not want to allow discussion or dissent.

Joel Kontinen is a translator and novelist currently living in Finland. His background includes an MA in translation studies and a BA in Bible and Theology. He likes to keep up-to-date on science news and often comments on creation/evolution and origins issues.

Blog: http://joelkontinen.blogspot.com/

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Gulf Shores Relaxing Retreat

When searching for the perfect place to relax along the banks of a stunning body of water, consider the numerous opportunities for excitement and entertainment that Gulf Shores, Alabama has to offer. With its gorgeous expanses of sand and abundance of outdoor pursuits that are sure to keep the entire family occupied for the duration of your trip, you simply cannot go wrong with a vacation to beautiful Gulf Shores.

For those times when all you want to do is kick back on a pristine beach, head to Gulf State Park and take advantage of its majestic two and a half miles of shimmering white sand. Here, you can catch some sun as you lie on the beach with your favorite book or make your way into the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico for an enjoyable afternoon of swimming. Those who want a more active day at the beach, however, can hike along the lush nature trails in search of wildlife or fish off of the 825 foot pier.

When a day at the beach is simply not enough, make your way to the exciting Waterville USA for an afternoon filled to the brim with water adventures and amusement park attractions the whole family can enjoy. The water park is bursting with numerous water slides, an enormous wave pool, a float river, raft rides, and a special section for the little ones while the amusement park includes a roller coaster, go-karts, mini golf, laser tag, and a few other dry land ways to keep everyone in your group smiling.

A true day of adventure is around the corner when visitors head to the 6,200 acre Bon Secour National Wildlife Refuge for a glimpse of its unique inhabitants. Home to the endangered beach mouse and a nesting place for loggerhead, green and Kemps Ridley sea turtles, the refuge is an excellent place to view the unique animals of the Gulf Coast. Take a walk along the scenic Pine Beach Trail or the shorter Jeff Friend Trail and you may just come across any of these creatures in addition to the red fox, armadillos, coyotes, and over 370 species of birds.

Another exciting day of family fun can be found at the Alabama Gulf Coast Zoo, where animals abound and plenty of attractions await to appease the animal lover inside of us all. With over 290 animals, including lions, tigers, monkeys, and bears, in addition to a petting zoo, a reptile house, and aviary and animal shows during the summer months, everyone will be running from habitat to habitat for an up-close view of the spectacular wildlife throughout the day.

History buffs and those looking to compliment their vacation with a well-rounded feature will want to stop by Fort Morgan for an educational experience the whole family can enjoy. This historical site was occupied during the War of 1812, the Civil War, the Spanish American War, and both of the World Wars and is now home to an informative museum and the remains of the fort itself.

Golf enthusiasts who want to spend a relaxing day hitting the links will find several exceptional options in the Gulf Shores area that will certainly take their breath away. The Cotton Creek and Cypress Bend golf courses are two to consider with their large greens and vibrant rolling fairways that are perfect for any duffer who wants to work on their game. The Kiva Dunes Golf Club, however, is a challenge for players of all skill levels by rewarding those who are powerful and accurate off the tee while penalizing anyone who drifts near imposing bunkers and hazards.

For a relaxing retreat with easy access to everything you love about this area, consider Gulf Shores rentals for your accommodations needs. Whether you choose to stay along the shores of a sugar white sand beach or within a stones throw of a challenging golf course, your vacation rental will make it easy to participate in your favorite activities while placing all of the amenities of home at your fingertips. Begin your search for a Gulf Shores condo or home rental today and experience the coastal getaway you always imagined.

HomeAway.com has the most comprehensive selection of vacation rental homes on the Internet. For an alternative lodging option, consider Gulf Shores rentals for your next trip to Alabamas Gulf Coast.

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